| Select ID for details |
Off-label therapeutic category |
Subcategory |
Reported off-label use |
Drug |
Target |
| 411 |
Anesthesia |
Postoperative |
Postoperative administration to facilitate recovery from general anesthesia |
Modafinil |
Norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, alpha1B-adrenergic receptor partial agonist |
| 4437 |
Anesthesia |
General anesthesia |
Controlled study to evaluate the effectiveness of preoperative intravenous ephedrine (5 mg bolus) to suppress the incidence and severity of fentanyl-induced cough during induction of anesthesia using intravenous fentanyl (2.5 microg/kg administered within two seconds) |
Ephedrine (Injection) |
Norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor |
| 8106 |
Cardiovascular |
Cerebral vasculature |
Phase II randomized controlled trial to investigate whether amphetamine enhances recovery in a total of thirty-three ischemic stroke patients (Subjects were recruited between three and thirty days post stroke and received 5 mg of amphetamine initially, then 10 mg for ten subsequent doses with three or four day separations) (The investigators report that amphetamine did not improve motor impairment or function after ischemic stroke but did significantly increase blood pressure and heart rate without altering cerebral hemodynamics) |
Dextroamphetamine Sulfate |
Norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor |
| 8107 |
Cardiovascular |
Cerebral vasculature |
Case reports and commentary on the use of amphetamine for the management of stroke |
Dextroamphetamine Sulfate |
Norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor |
| 7690 |
Central Nervous System |
Brain injury |
Case series analysis to determine the effects of methylphenidate (7.5-25 mg) on responsiveness using standardized command-following protocols in single subjects with brain injuries and severe disorders of consciousness (Although these investigators did not find a clinically meaningful effect of methylphenidate in this group of patients, they add that further research is needed to define the types of patients with traumatic brain injuries who may benefit from methylphenidate, together with dose-ranging studies) (SUBPOP) |
Methylphenidate hydrochloride |
Norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor |
| 7796 |
Central Nervous System |
Somatoform |
Case report of a middle-aged woman with refractory hypochondriasis who was successfully treated with duloxetine (The use of duloxetine to treat depression and/or anxiety associated with hypochondriasis may be deemed to licensed) |
Duloxetine hydrochloride |
Serotonin/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor |
| 8542 |
Central Nervous System |
Speech |
Randomized controlled pilot trial to assess the investigate the effect of adjunct dexamphetamine during the chronic stage of stroke recovery (The investigators report that this pilot trial provides preliminary evidence that dexamphetamine paired with combined semantic and phonological therapy may be beneficial for the treatment of naming disorders in chronic aphasia) |
Dextroamphetamine Sulfate |
Norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor |
| 8566 |
Central Nervous System |
Headache |
Retrospective case series analysis of the use of duloxetine (30 to 90 mg once daily) for migraine prevention in sixty-five migraineurs (Although the investigators report that duloxetine demonstrates minimal effectiveness as a headache preventive agent, they add that the presence of anxiety was associated with a trend toward a greater reduction in mean monthly headache frequency, and that anxiety may represent a positive predictor for the use of duloxetine in headache prevention) |
Duloxetine hydrochloride |
Serotonin/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor |
| 8586 |
Central Nervous System |
Affective |
Randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effects of modafinil in augmenting selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) therapy in patients with major depression who were partial responders to SSRI therapy (The investigators report that modafinil is an effective and well-tolerated augmentation therapy for partial responders to SSRI therapy, particularly when patients continue to experience fatigue and excessive sleepiness) (SUBPOP) |
Modafinil |
Norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, alpha1B-adrenergic receptor partial agonist |
| 8598 |
Central Nervous System |
Cognitive |
Randomized controlled trial to investigate the acute efficacy and adverse effects of methylphenidate (0.6 mg/kg of body weight) among one hundred and twenty-two survivors of childhood cancer (acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) or brain tumor (BT)) (The investigators report that a significant methylphenidate versus placebo effect was revealed on a measure of attention, cognitive flexibility and processing speed (Stroop Word-Color Association Test); they conclude that methylphenidate shows some neurocognitive benefit and is well tolerated by the majority of children surviving ALL and BT) |
Methylphenidate hydrochloride |
Norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor |
| 8642 |
Central Nervous System |
Fatigue |
Design of protocol and methodology to test the hypothesis that methylphenidate has potential efficacy for the treatment of asthenia in patients with advanced cancer (The investigators add that previous studies evaluating the anti-asthenic effect of methylphenidate fail to enable a definitive conclusion) |
Methylphenidate hydrochloride |
Norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor |
| 8653 |
Central Nervous System |
Behavioral |
Retrospective analysis to evaluate the efficacy of modafinil (170-425 mg once daily for seven to nine weeks) to treat different subtypes of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) that include DSM-IV diagnoses of inattentive, hyperactive-impulsive and combined subtypes in a total of six hundred and thirty-eight children and adolescents (The conclusion provided from this analysis is that modafinil improved ADHD symptoms and behaviors in patients with the inattentive and combined subtypes as determined by teachers, investigators and parents) (SUBPOP) |
Modafinil |
Norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, alpha1B-adrenergic receptor partial agonist |
| 8695 |
Central Nervous System |
Fatigue |
Randomized controlled trial to examine the efficacy of modafinil (Up to 400 mg daily) to treat fatigue and excessive daytime sleepiness in a total of fifty-three patients with traumatic brain injury (The investigators report that the effects of modafinil upon measures of fatigue and daytime sleepiness could not be significantly distinguished from placebo; they add that a clear beneficial pattern of the effects of modafinil was not seen at either the week 4 or week 10 assessment points) |
Modafinil |
Norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, alpha1B-adrenergic receptor partial agonist |
| 8708 |
Central Nervous System |
Fatigue |
Case report of the successful treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome with duloxetine and triiodothyronine |
Duloxetine hydrochloride |
Serotonin/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor |
| 6163 |
Central Nervous System |
Affective |
Case report of a patient with severe protracted depression associated with the use of interferon alfa for the treatment of melanoma, who responded rapidly to a course of methylphenidate |
Methylphenidate hydrochloride |
Norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor |
| 6172 |
Central Nervous System |
Personality disorder |
Randomized controlled trial to investigate the beneficial effects of amphetamine upon cognitive deficits in patients with schizophrenia spectrum personality |
Dextroamphetamine sulfate |
Norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor |
| 6178 |
Central Nervous System |
Behavioral |
Case report of a patient with treatment-refractory bulimia nervosa who was successfully treated with duloxetine |
Duloxetine hydrochloride |
Serotonin/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor |
| 6372 |
Central Nervous System |
Brain injury |
Retrospective analysis of the effects of methylphenidate on the sleep-wake cycle of brain-injured patients undergoing rehabilitation at a dedicated brain injury clinic |
Methylphenidate hydrochloride |
Norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor |
| 6626 |
Central Nervous System |
Fatigue |
Case report to assess the effect of bupropion augmentation of paroxetine upon chronic fatigue syndrome symptoms in a patient with coexistent major depression (In the United States bupropion is licensed for the treatment of major depressive disorder but not chronic fatigue syndrome) |
Bupropion hydrochloride |
Dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, serotonin/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) inhibitor |
| 6687 |
Central Nervous System |
Neurodegenerative |
Prospective study to assess the effects of methylphenidate (0.8 mg/kg) upon endogenous dopamine levels in patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease |
Methylphenidate hydrochloride |
Norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor |
| 6706 |
Central Nervous System |
Brain injury |
Randomized controlled trial to investigate the effect of methylphenidate (0.3 mg/kg orally twice daily) during the acute phase of traumatic brain injury (These investigators found that methylphenidate was associated with a shorter duration of stay within ICU and an earlier discharge from hospital) (SUBPOP) |
Methylphenidate hydrochloride |
Norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor |
| 6822 |
Central Nervous System |
Affective |
Preliminary open label trial to assess the efficacy of modafinil in augmenting the effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in patients with major depression who showed significant residual symptoms despite an adequate period of SSRI therapy |
Modafinil |
Norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, alpha1B-adrenergic receptor partial agonist |
| 6853 |
Central Nervous System |
Behavioral |
Randomized controlled trial with a crossover design, incorporating cognitive tasks and behavioural rating scales to measure the effectiveness of selegiline in treating different symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in eleven children aged six to thirteen years (These investigators propose that from their results, selegiline may be a preferred treatment for individuals who present with the primarily inattentive subtype of ADHD (SUBPOP) |
Selegiline hydrochloride |
Monoamine oxidase type B (MAO-B) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor (putative) |
| 7076 |
Central Nervous System |
Affective |
Randomized controlled trial to examine the efficacy and tolerability of augmentation with an extended release formulation of methylphenidate (Concerta, 18-54 mg daily) in patients with major depression who were nonresponders or partial responders to antidepressants (Although in this study a benefit for augmentation with methylphenidate in major depression was not demonstrated, the investigators add that further adequately powered studies are necessary) (SUBPOP) |
Methylphenidate hydrochloride |
Norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor |
| 7179 |
Central Nervous System |
Neurodegenerative |
Open label study to evaluate the effects of methylphenidate (60 mg daily for six months) in twenty-two patients with hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) (Because of its effects upon multiple neurotransmitters, including dopamine, methylphenidate is an interesting candidate as a treatment option for movements disorders; however, in this study methylphenidate failed to show significant benefit in patients with HSP) |
Methylphenidate hydrochloride |
Norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor |
| 7249 |
Central Nervous System |
Fatigue |
Randomized controlled trial to determine if modafinil (400 mg daily) can treat fatigue in patients with post-polio syndrome (Based on the utilized measures of outcome, in this limited study modafinil was not superior to placebo in alleviating fatigue or improving quality of life in patients with post-polio syndrome) |
Modafinil |
Norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, alpha1B-adrenergic receptor partial agonist |
| 7464 |
Central Nervous System |
Affective |
Case report of a woman with refractory depression, that failed to respond to several treatment modalities including electroconvulsive therapy, whose symptoms rapidly responded with complete remission following augmentation of fluvoxamine with the psychostimulant, methylphenidate (The authors of this report add that methylphenidate augmentation should be used cautiously, and that the empirical evidence for this therapy needs to be explored with adequately powered placebo-controlled studies) (SUBPOP) |
Methylphenidate hydrochloride |
Norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor |
| 7526 |
Central Nervous System |
Anxiety |
Case report of the use of duloxetine to treat a middle-aged woman with social anxiety disorder |
Duloxetine hydrochloride |
Serotonin/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor |
| 7567 |
Central Nervous System |
Anxiety |
Randomized controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of a sustained release formulation of bupropion to treat thirty patients with civilian- or military-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Post hoc analysis indicated that younger patients with PTSD not currently receiving treatment with another antidepressant were more likely to exhibit a reduction in symptoms) (SUBPOP) |
Bupropion hydrochloride |
Dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, serotonin/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) inhibitor |
| 4486 |
Central Nervous System |
Delirium |
Open study to investigate the effects of methylphenidate (10 mg orally twice daily increasing by 5 mg increments) upon cognitive function and other symptoms associated with hypoactive delirium in patients with advanced cancer |
Methylphenidate hydrochloride |
Norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor |
| 4571 |
Central Nervous System |
Neurodegenerative |
Open trial to determine the effectiveness and safety of modafinil (200 mg or 400 mg daily for two weeks) for the treatment of fatigue in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) |
Modafinil |
Norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, alpha1B-adrenergic receptor partial agonist |
| 4588 |
Central Nervous System |
Motor |
Retrospective review at a single site of the use of modafinil for the treatment of thirty patients with cerebral palsy (Previously-reported observations by these workers suggest a role for modafinil in treating spasticity by an unknown mechanism that may involve brainstem structures) |
Modafinil |
Norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, alpha1B-adrenergic receptor partial agonist |
| 4815 |
Central Nervous System |
Behavioral |
Multicentre controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of an extended-release formulation of bupropion (Up to 450 mg daily for eight weeks) for the treatment of adult patients with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder |
Bupropion hydrochloride |
Dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, serotonin/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) inhibitor |
| 5108 |
Central Nervous System |
Fatigue |
Retrospective review of the efficacy and safety of modafinil as a treatment for fatigue associated with multiple sclerosis |
Modafinil |
Norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, alpha1B-adrenergic receptor partial agonist |
| 5646 |
Central Nervous System |
Fatigue |
Phase II study to evaluate the effects of methylphenidate (5 mg orally twice daily) upon cancer-related fatigue in women with a history of breast cancer |
Methylphenidate hydrochloride |
Norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor |
| 3738 |
Central Nervous System |
Affective |
To augment a partial response to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) monotherapy in patients with major depressive disorder (SUBPOP) |
Modafinil |
Norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, alpha1B-adrenergic receptor partial agonist |
| 3753 |
Central Nervous System |
Behavioral |
Treatment of children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) |
Selegiline hydrochloride |
Monoamine oxidase type B (MAO-B) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor (putative) |
| 3757 |
Central Nervous System |
Fatigue |
Pilot study to assess the efficacy of modafinil for treating fatigue in HIV-positive patients (SUBPOP) |
Modafinil |
Norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, alpha1B-adrenergic receptor partial agonist |
| 3898 |
Central Nervous System |
Affective |
As an adjunctive treatment in patient with suboptimal responses to antidepressant regimens (SUBPOP) |
Modafinil |
Norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, alpha1B-adrenergic receptor partial agonist |
| 4128 |
Central Nervous System |
Behavioral |
Open trial to assess the efficacy of bupropion (maximum dosage 300 mg/day) over eight weeks for the treatment of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (ALERT) |
Bupropion hydrochloride |
Dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, serotonin/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) inhibitor |
| 4216 |
Central Nervous System |
Psychosis |
Double blind twelve week study to evaluate the efficacy of oral selegiline (5 mg bid) to augment the effects of antipsychotic therapy to treat negative symptoms in outpatients with schizophrenia |
Selegiline hydrochloride |
Monoamine oxidase type B (MAO-B) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor (putative) |
| 5769 |
Central Nervous System |
Affective |
Randomized controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of modafinil as monotherapy for the treatment of patients with atypical depression |
Modafinil |
Norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, alpha1B-adrenergic receptor partial agonist |
| 5721 |
Central Nervous System |
Motor |
Retrospective review of the effects of modafinil in pediatric patients with spastic cerebral palsy (Gait improvements observed by these investigators are speculatively attributed to an unknown mechanism of modafinil upon brainstem structures) |
Modafinil |
Norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, alpha1B-adrenergic receptor partial agonist |
| 5819 |
Central Nervous System |
Fatigue |
Case report of a seventy-six year woman with a history of major depressive disorder with severe persistent fatigue and lassitude who was given modafinil (200 mg daily) as augmentation of ongoing antidepressant therapy with venlafaxine (150 mg daily) (ALERT) |
Modafinil |
Norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, alpha1B-adrenergic receptor partial agonist |
| 479 |
Central Nervous System |
Behavioral |
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults with comorbid bipolar disorder* |
Bupropion hydrochloride |
Dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, serotonin/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) inhibitor |
| 506 |
Central Nervous System |
Behavioral |
Attention-deficits in the postacute phase of recovery following moderate to severe brain injury |
Methylphenidate hydrochloride |
Norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor |
| 848 |
Central Nervous System |
Behavioral |
To improve cognition and response inhibition in adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder |
Modafinil |
Norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, alpha1B-adrenergic receptor partial agonist |
| 1291 |
Central Nervous System |
Affective |
As an alternative to light therapy for the treatment of winter depression |
Modafinil |
Norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, alpha1B-adrenergic receptor partial agonist |
| 1345 |
Central Nervous System |
Fatigue |
Chronic fatigue syndrome |
Modafinil |
Norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, alpha1B-adrenergic receptor partial agonist |
| 1350 |
Central Nervous System |
Impulse control disorder |
Treatment of pathologic gambling |
Bupropion hydrochloride |
Dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, serotonin/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) inhibitor |
| 1352 |
Central Nervous System |
Affective |
Adjunctive treatment of major depression |
Modafinil |
Norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, alpha1B-adrenergic receptor partial agonist |
| 1376 |
Central Nervous System |
Psychosis |
Sedation induced by antipsychotics |
Modafinil |
Norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, alpha1B-adrenergic receptor partial agonist |
| 1377 |
Central Nervous System |
Sedation |
Antipsychotic-induced sedation |
Modafinil |
Norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, alpha1B-adrenergic receptor partial agonist |
| 1378 |
Central Nervous System |
Sedation |
Opioid-induced sedation in patients treated for nonmalignant pain |
Modafinil |
Norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, alpha1B-adrenergic receptor partial agonist |
| 1485 |
Central Nervous System |
Cognitive |
To assess the effects upon cognitive function in healthy sleep-deprived young adults |
Methylphenidate hydrochloride |
Norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor |
| 1953 |
Central Nervous System |
Cognitive |
To assess the effects of modafinil upon cognitive impairment in patients with chronic schizophrenia |
Modafinil |
Norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, alpha1B-adrenergic receptor partial agonist |
| 39 |
Central Nervous System |
Affective |
In combination with phenelzine for treatment-resistant depression |
Methylphenidate hydrochloride |
Norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor |
| 40 |
Central Nervous System |
Affective |
In combination with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor at initiation of treatment to enhance the onset and degree of symptom benefit in patients with major depressive disorder and fatigue |
Modafinil |
Norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, alpha1B-adrenergic receptor partial agonist |
| 1667 |
Central Nervous System |
Sedation |
Management of opioid-induced sedation |
Methylphenidate hydrochloride |
Norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor |
| 2459 |
Central Nervous System |
Behavioral |
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children |
Selegiline hydrochloride |
Monoamine oxidase type B (MAO-B) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor (putative) |
| 2718 |
Central Nervous System |
Stupor |
To prevent recurrent episodes of stupor and coma in a patient with endozepine-4 stupor |
Modafinil |
Norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, alpha1B-adrenergic receptor partial agonist |
| 2723 |
Central Nervous System |
Impulse control disorder |
Treatment of trichotillomania |
Bupropion hydrochloride |
Dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, serotonin/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) inhibitor |
| 2725 |
Central Nervous System |
Affective |
As an adjunct for the treatment of patients with major depressive disorder who experience sedation as a side effect of the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressant therapy |
Modafinil |
Norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, alpha1B-adrenergic receptor partial agonist |
| 2807 |
Central Nervous System |
Fatigue |
Treatment of a patient with severe fatigue associated with chronic low back pain and neck pain |
Modafinil |
Norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, alpha1B-adrenergic receptor partial agonist |
| 8305 |
Central Nervous System |
Fatigue |
Phase II study to evaluate the efficacy of methylphenidate hydrochloride (Initially 5 mg once daily for two weeks, increasing to 5 mg twice daily for eight weeks, then 5 mg once daily for four weeks) to treat fatigue in patients with prostate cancer who are receiving hormone therapy (This study is recruiting participants) |
Methylphenidate hydrochloride |
Norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor |
| 8350 |
Central Nervous System |
Fatigue |
Open label study to explore the effects of modafinil (Initially 100 mg daily and titrated according to tolerability and response) upon daytime somnolence and fatigue in twenty-one patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) (The investigators report that modafinil was associated with an improvement in daytime somnolence and associated fatigue in patients with PBC, and conclude that controlled trials are warranted) |
Modafinil |
Norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, alpha1B-adrenergic receptor partial agonist |
| 8423 |
Central Nervous System |
Motor |
Randomized controlled phase III study to determine if bupropion (150 mg daily for six weeks) will improve the symptoms of moderate to severe restless legs syndrome (This study is currently recruiting participants) |
Bupropion hydrochloride |
Dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, serotonin/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) inhibitor |
| 8776 |
Central Nervous System |
Psychosis |
Randomized controlled trial to investigate the effect of selegiline (5 mg twice daily) as an adjunct to risperidone (6 mg daily) in a total of forty patients with chronic schizophrenia and prominent negative symptoms (The investigators report that although both protocols (with or without selegiline) significantly decreased the score of the positive, negative and general psychopathological symptoms over the trial period of eight weeks, the combination of risperidone and selegiline showed significant superiority over risperidone alone in decreasing negative symptoms and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) total scores) |
Selegiline hydrochloride |
Monoamine oxidase type B (MAO-B) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor (putative) |
| 8893 |
Central Nervous System |
Cognitive |
Randomized controlled trial to examine the effects of a single dose of methylphenidate (20 mg) upon cognitive function and gait in twenty-six community-living older adults (mean age 73.8 years) without dementia (The investigators report that in older adults methylphenidate appears to improve certain aspects of executive function, mobility and gait stability; they conclude that although additional studies are required to assess clinical utility and efficacy, the present findings suggest that methylphenidate and other drugs that are designed to enhance attention may have a role as a therapeutic option for reducing fall risk in older adults) |
Methylphenidate hydrochloride |
Norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor |
| 8894 |
Central Nervous System |
Motor |
Randomized controlled trial to examine the effects of a single dose of methylphenidate (20 mg) upon cognitive function and gait in twenty-six community-living older adults (mean age 73.8 years) without dementia (The investigators report that in older adults methylphenidate appears to improve certain aspects of executive function, mobility and gait stability; they conclude that although additional studies are required to assess clinical utility and efficacy, the present findings suggest that methylphenidate and other drugs that are designed to enhance attention may have a role as a therapeutic option for reducing fall risk in older adults) |
Methylphenidate hydrochloride |
Norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor |
| 8989 |
Central Nervous System |
Headache |
Case reports of two women with SUNCT (Short-lasting Unilateral Neuralgiform headache attacks with Conjunctival injection and Tearing) syndrome, the first with a history of failed therapies, and the second with a history of carbamazepine (600 mg daily) and chlorpromazine (15 mg daily) that provided a partial response, who were both successfully managed by gabapentin (600 mg daily for the first patient and 1200 mg daily for the second patient) |
Chlorpromazine |
Alpha1-adrenergic receptor antagonist, alpha2-adrenergic receptor antagonist, dopamine D1 receptor antagonist, dopamine D2 receptor antagonist, dopamine D3 receptor antagonist, dopamine D4 receptor antagonist, dopamine D5 receptor antagonist, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, muscarinic M1 receptor antagonist, muscarinic M2 receptor antagonist |
| 8449 |
Endocrine & Metabolic |
Weight disorder |
Open label phase II study to assess the effect of naltrexone SR (32 mg daily) in combination with bupropion SR (360 mg daily) upon depressive symptoms and total body weight in obese subjects with major depression (This study is currently recruiting participants) |
Bupropion hydrochloride |
Dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, serotonin/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) inhibitor |
| 2975 |
Endocrine & Metabolic |
Weight disorder |
To assess the effect of methylphenidate upon energy intake over one meal in obese adult males (The authors propose that use of a dopamine transport inhibitor may represent a useful adjunct for the treatment of obesity) |
Methylphenidate hydrochloride |
Norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor |
| 5767 |
Endocrine & Metabolic |
Weight disorder |
Open label study to examine the effectiveness of bupropion (150-300 mg daily) in reducing bodyweight gains associated with the use of olanzapine (SUBPOP) |
Bupropion hydrochloride |
Dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, serotonin/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) inhibitor |
| 8129 |
Endocrine & Metabolic |
Weight disorder |
Randomized controlled trial to assess the effect of bupropion (Slow release formulation titrated to 150 mg twice daily for twelve weeks) plus behavioural therapy upon tobacco abstinence rates in a total of one hundred and thirteen adult smokeless tobacco (ST) users (The investigators report that bupropion did not significantly increase tobacco abstinence rates among ST users, but it significantly decreased craving and weight gain over the treatment period)* |
Bupropion hydrochloride |
Dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, serotonin/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) inhibitor |
| 5881 |
Head & Neck (including ENT) |
Salivary |
Case reports of two patients with spastic cerebral palsy and severe salivary drooling that was successfully managed with modafinil (The authors add that modafinil is effective in treating drooling in a subpopulation of patients with spastic cerebral palsy as a result of improvements in swallowing) (SUBPOP) |
Modafinil |
Norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, alpha1B-adrenergic receptor partial agonist |
| 7621 |
Musculoskeletal & Joint |
Myopathy |
Randomized controlled trial to determine whether modafinil improves levels of activity in thirteen patients with myotonic dystrophy (While the outcomes from this study confirm earlier findings that modafinil improves hypersomnolence in patients with myotonic dystrophy, no significant effects were seen regarding activity levels) |
Modafinil |
Norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, alpha1B-adrenergic receptor partial agonist |
| 7992 |
Pain (incl neuropathy) |
Central pain |
Open label study to investigate the effect of duloxetine on central pain phenomena in twenty-three patients with Parkinson's disease (The investigators report that duloxetine seems to be effective for the treatment of central pain in Parkinson's disease) |
Duloxetine hydrochloride |
Serotonin/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor |
| 9134 |
Pain (incl neuropathy) |
Ocular |
Case report of a fifty-nine year old woman who was treated with retrobulbar alcohol and chlorpromazine injections for a blind and painful eye following successful plaque radiotherapy of a choroidal melanoma (The investigators report that the patient showed an acute and severe inflammatory reaction to chlorpromazine) (ALERT) |
Chlorpromazine |
Alpha1-adrenergic receptor antagonist, alpha2-adrenergic receptor antagonist, dopamine D1 receptor antagonist, dopamine D2 receptor antagonist, dopamine D3 receptor antagonist, dopamine D4 receptor antagonist, dopamine D5 receptor antagonist, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, muscarinic M1 receptor antagonist, muscarinic M2 receptor antagonist |
| 9120 |
Poisoning & Drug Dependence |
Cocaine |
Randomized controlled trial to investigate the effects of modafinil maintenance (0, 200, and 400 mg daily) on cocaine self-administration using smoked cocaine under controlled laboratory conditions in eight nontreatment-seeking cocaine-dependent individuals (The investigators report that modafinil at both dosages markedly attenuated increased self-administration and subjective-effect ratings associated with smoked cocaine; they add that these data support the potential of modafinil as a pharmacotherapy for cocaine dependence) |
Modafinil |
Norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, alpha1B-adrenergic receptor partial agonist |
| 8128 |
Poisoning & Drug Dependence |
Nicotine |
Randomized controlled trial to assess the effect of bupropion (Slow release formulation titrated to 150 mg twice daily for twelve weeks) plus behavioural therapy upon tobacco abstinence rates in a total of one hundred and thirteen adult smokeless tobacco (ST) users (The investigators report that bupropion did not significantly increase tobacco abstinence rates among ST users, but it significantly decreased craving and weight gain over the treatment period)* |
Bupropion hydrochloride |
Dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, serotonin/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) inhibitor |
| 7801 |
Poisoning & Drug Dependence |
Cocaine |
Open label laboratory study in human volunteers to determine whether acute administration of d-amphetamine alters stimulant self-administration (The investigators were attempting to evaluate the potential of d-amphetamine to increase drug-taking behavior when used as pharmacotherapy for the treatment of cocaine and methamphetamine dependence; they conclude that acute d-amphetamine pretreatment does not increase stimulant self-administration) |
Dextroamphetamine Sulfate |
Norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor |
| 7802 |
Poisoning & Drug Dependence |
Amphetamine |
Open label laboratory study in human volunteers to determine whether acute administration of d-amphetamine alters stimulant self-administration (The investigators were attempting to evaluate the potential of d-amphetamine to increase drug-taking behavior when used as pharmacotherapy for the treatment of cocaine and methamphetamine dependence; they conclude that acute d-amphetamine pretreatment does not increase stimulant self-administration) |
Dextroamphetamine Sulfate |
Norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor |
| 8710 |
Poisoning & Drug Dependence |
Nicotine |
Case report of the successful treatment of nicotine withdrawal with duloxetine |
Duloxetine hydrochloride |
Serotonin/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor |
| 7434 |
Poisoning & Drug Dependence |
Opioid |
Randomized controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of citalopram (40 mg daily) alone or in combination with bupropion (50 mg daily) for the treatment of sixty methadone-stabilized opioid-dependent outpatients (The results indicate that neither citalopram, nor citalopram augmented with bupropion were more effective than placebo for the treatment of opioid abuse) |
Bupropion hydrochloride |
Dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, serotonin/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) inhibitor |
| 5917 |
Poisoning & Drug Dependence |
Amphetamine |
Pilot studies evaluating the potential role of bupropion for treating methamphetamine dependence |
Bupropion hydrochloride |
Dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, serotonin/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) inhibitor |
| 3630 |
Poisoning & Drug Dependence |
Cocaine |
Together with psychosocial treatment for the treatment of cocaine-dependent patients who were free of significant medical and psychiatric conditions |
Modafinil |
Norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, alpha1B-adrenergic receptor partial agonist |
| 2408 |
Poisoning & Drug Dependence |
Cocaine |
Management of cocaine dependence |
Dextroamphetamine sulfate |
Norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor |
| 2460 |
Sexual Dysfunction |
Male |
To assess the effect of coadministration of selegiline on sexual dysfunction in neuroleptic-treated male schizophrenic patients* |
Selegiline hydrochloride |
Monoamine oxidase type B (MAO-B) inhibitor, dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor (putative) |
| 2620 |
Sexual Dysfunction |
Female |
Treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder in premenopausal women (Sustained release formulation) |
Bupropion hydrochloride |
Dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, serotonin/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) inhibitor |
| 6775 |
Skin |
Eczema |
Case report of a fifty year old man with severe atopic dermatitis (AD) and without psychiatric symptoms who was successfully treated with bupropion (These investigators add that while the mechanisms of action of bupropion in AD remain to be determined, it may represent an alternative therapy for severe AD that is resistant to conventional agents) |
Bupropion hydrochloride |
Dopamine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, norepinephrine/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, serotonin/sodium symporter (transporter) inhibitor, cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) inhibitor |
Definition of descriptors (where appropriate):
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